Molecular data
| Molecular formula | C15H26N6O8 |
|---|---|
| Molecular weight | 418.4 Da |
| Sequence | Glu-Asp-Arg |
| Sequence length | 3 residues |
| Physical form | Lyophilized powder |
| Available sizes | 10mg |
How it works
Gene-Level Bioregulation
Pinealon is a short, positively charged tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg). Research from the Khavinson group proposes that peptides of this class interact electrostatically with chromatin and the promoter regions of specific genes, influencing transcription of neuroprotective and antioxidant proteins.
- Proposed binding to promoter regions of specific genes
- Associated with sequence-specific changes in gene expression
- Studied as an epigenetic-level regulator rather than a receptor agonist
Reactive Oxygen Species Suppression
In vitro studies report that pinealon produces dose-dependent restriction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells under oxidative stress, alongside a decrease in necrotic cell death.
- Dose-dependent reduction of ROS accumulation in neuronal models
- Reduced necrotic cell death under oxidative-stress conditions
- Effects studied in cerebellar granule and PC12 cell lines
Neuroprotection & Plasticity
Research in prenatal and aged-animal models has examined pinealon's neuroprotective profile, including improved resistance of cerebellar neurons to oxidative stress and reported changes in neurotrophic-factor expression.
- Studied in prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia and hypoxia models
- Associated with improved neuronal resistance to oxidative stress
- Investigated in the context of cognitive-aging research
What the research shows
Neuroprotection & Oxidative Stress
In vitro work reports dose-dependent suppression of ROS accumulation and reduced necrotic cell death in neuronal cell models exposed to oxidative stress.
Khavinson et al. 2011
Prenatal Neuroprotection Models
Animal studies examined pinealon in prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia, reporting improved offspring cognitive measures and greater cerebellar neuron resistance to oxidative stress.
Arutjunyan et al. 2012
Peptide–Gene Expression
EDR-class peptides are studied as short-peptide regulators of gene expression and protein synthesis, with proposed binding to specific DNA promoter regions.
Khavinson et al. 2021
Hypoxia Resistance
In vivo research investigated regulatory peptides, including pinealon, for their effect on brain-neuron survival under hypoxic conditions.
Kozina et al. 2008
Specification
| Chemical Name | Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) |
|---|---|
| Sequence | L-Glutamyl-L-Aspartyl-L-Arginine (EDR tripeptide) |
| Molecular Weight | 418.4 g/mol |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈ |
| Form | Lyophilized powder |
| Purity | ≥99% (HPLC verified) |
| Testing | Third-party HPLC, Mass Spec, Endotoxin |
| Storage (lyophilized) | -20°C for long-term stability |
| Storage (reconstituted) | 2–8°C, use within 14 days |
| Solubility | Bacteriostatic water for reconstitution |
| COA | Included with every order |
Frequently asked questions
What is Pinealon?
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide composed of L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and L-arginine (Glu-Asp-Arg, often abbreviated EDR). It belongs to the class of short-peptide "bioregulators" developed within Professor Vladimir Khavinson's research program at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, and is studied for its proposed effects on gene expression and neuroprotection.
How does Pinealon work at the cellular level?
The leading mechanistic hypothesis is that, as a short and positively charged peptide, Pinealon can interact electrostatically with chromatin and the promoter regions of specific genes, influencing the transcription of neuroprotective and antioxidant proteins. This is described as an epigenetic-level mode of action, distinct from neurotransmitter or receptor-based compounds. It remains an active area of investigation.
What does research show about Pinealon and oxidative stress?
In vitro studies report that Pinealon produces a dose-dependent reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells exposed to oxidative stress, and is associated with decreased necrotic cell death and increased cell viability in those models.
Is Pinealon approved for human use?
No. Pinealon is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory authority for human therapeutic use. The published literature is preclinical and in vitro. Research-grade Pinealon sold here is intended strictly for in vitro laboratory research and is not for human or veterinary use.
How is Pinealon related to other Khavinson bioregulators like Epitalon?
Pinealon and Epitalon are both short-peptide bioregulators studied by the same research group. They share the proposed "peptide–DNA interaction" mechanistic framework but differ in amino-acid sequence and the gene targets and research models they are associated with. Pinealon (EDR) is most often studied in neuroprotection and oxidative-stress contexts.
How should research-grade Pinealon be stored?
Lyophilized Pinealon should be stored at -20°C and protected from moisture and light for long-term stability. Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, it should be stored at 2–8°C and used within approximately 14 days to preserve peptide integrity.
Literature
- PUBMED Pinealon Increases Cell Viability by Suppression of Free Radical Levels and Activating Proliferative Processes
- PUBMED Pinealon Protects the Rat Offspring from Prenatal Hyperhomocysteinemia
- PMC EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation
- JOURNAL Regulatory Peptides Protect Brain Neurons from Hypoxia in Vivo
For laboratory research use only. Not a drug, supplement, or medical product; not for human or animal use. All findings referenced are from published preclinical/laboratory research.